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E8C12

SIGNALS AND EMISSIONS · Digital signals: digital communication modes; information rate vs. bandwidth; error correction; constellation diagrams

E8C12E8C →

What factors affect the bandwidth of a transmitted CW signal?

  1. AIF bandwidth and Q
  2. BModulation index and output power
  3. CKeying speed and shape factor (rise and fall time)
  4. DAll these choices are correct
Why On-off keying is a form of amplitude modulation, so the transmitted CW spectrum is set by how fast and how abruptly the carrier is switched. Faster keying means more sidebands: bandwidth is roughly the baud rate times a shape factor K, with K near 3 for soft, well-rounded keying and near 5 for hard keying. A typical 25 WPM signal with proper rise and fall shaping occupies only about 50 to 60 Hz, while sharp, square keying edges spread energy far wider as key clicks.
Watch out IF bandwidth and Q describe the selectivity of a receiver or filter, not what the transmitter radiates, and modulation index applies to FM or PM, not to on-off keyed CW. Output power changes how loud the signal is, not how wide it is.
CW bandwidth = speed x shape. Click-free keying means soft rise/fall; BW is about 4 times the WPM-derived baud rate.
HamSandwich explanation, first draft. The question and answers are the NCVEC text.
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The rest of E8C

  1. E8C01 What is Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or QAM?
  2. E8C02 What is the definition of symbol rate in a digital transmission?
  3. E8C03 Why should the phase of a PSK signal be changed at the zero crossing of the RF signal?
  4. E8C04 What technique minimizes the bandwidth of a PSK31 signal?
  5. E8C05 What is the approximate bandwidth of a 13-WPM International Morse Code transmission?
  6. E8C06 What is the bandwidth of an FT8 signal?
  7. E8C07 What is the bandwidth of a 4,800-Hz frequency shift, 9,600-baud ASCII FM transmission?
  8. E8C08 How does ARQ accomplish error correction?
  9. E8C09 Which digital code allows only one bit to change between sequential code values?
  10. E8C10 How can data rate be increased without increasing bandwidth?
  11. E8C11 What is the relationship between symbol rate and baud?
  12. E8C12 What factors affect the bandwidth of a transmitted CW signal?
  13. E8C13 What is described by the constellation diagram of a QAM or QPSK signal?
  14. E8C14 What type of addresses do nodes have in a mesh network?
  15. E8C15 What technique do individual nodes use to form a mesh network?
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