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G3C01

RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION · - Ionospheric regions; critical angle and frequency; HF scatter; near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS)

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Which ionospheric region is closest to the surface of Earth?

  1. AThe D region
  2. BThe E region
  3. CThe F1 region
  4. DThe F2 region
Why The ionosphere is layered by altitude, and the letters run in order going up: D is lowest (roughly 50-90 km), then E (about 100 km), then F1 and F2 (150 km and up, merging into a single F region at night). Because the D region sits in the densest part of the upper atmosphere, collisions are frequent there and it acts mainly as an absorber of lower HF signals during daylight rather than a reflector.
Watch out The F2 region is the one most often used for long-distance HF skip, so it is the most familiar name, but it is the highest region, not the closest to Earth.
Alphabet order equals altitude order: D, E, F1, F2 from the ground up. D is 'Down low' and 'Daytime absorber'.
HamSandwich explanation, first draft. The question and answers are the NCVEC text.
All of G3C G3C02 →

The rest of G3C

  1. G3C01 Which ionospheric region is closest to the surface of Earth?
  2. G3C02 What is meant by the term "critical frequency" at a given incidence angle?
  3. G3C03 Why is skip propagation via the F2 region longer than that via the other ionospheric regions?
  4. G3C04 What does the term "critical angle" mean, as applied to radio wave propagation?
  5. G3C05 Why is long-distance communication on the 40-, 60-, 80-, and 160-meter bands more difficult during the day?
  6. G3C06 What is a characteristic of HF scatter?
  7. G3C07 What makes HF scatter signals often sound distorted?
  8. G3C08 Why are HF scatter signals in the skip zone usually weak?
  9. G3C09 What type of propagation allows signals to be heard in the transmitting station's skip zone?
  10. G3C10 What is near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) propagation?
  11. G3C11 Which ionospheric region is the most absorbent of signals below 10 MHz during daylight hours?
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