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E2E11

OPERATING PROCEDURES · Operating methods: digital modes and procedures for HF

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What is the difference between direct FSK and audio FSK?

  1. ADirect FSK modulates the transmitter VFO
  2. BDirect FSK occupies less bandwidth
  3. CDirect FSK can transmit higher baud rates
  4. DAll these choices are correct
Why In direct FSK the keying signal shifts the transmitter's oscillator (VFO) itself, so the radiated carrier jumps between the mark and space frequencies with no audio stage involved. Audio FSK instead feeds two audio tones into an SSB transmitter's microphone or line input, and the SSB mixer translates those tones up to RF. The final on-air signal has the same shift, the same bandwidth and the same baud rate either way; the difference is only where in the chain the frequency shift is generated. Direct FSK avoids audio-stage distortion and overdrive that can create AFSK sidebands, but it is not inherently narrower or faster.
Watch out The bandwidth and baud rate choices are tempting because AFSK can sound dirty when overdriven, but occupied bandwidth depends on the shift and keying speed, not on how the shift is produced, so those claims are false and the all-of-these choice fails with them.
Direct FSK shifts the VFO; AFSK shifts audio tones into an SSB rig. Same bandwidth, same speed, different injection point.
HamSandwich explanation, first draft. The question and answers are the NCVEC text.
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The rest of E2E

  1. E2E01 Which of the following types of modulation is used for data emissions below 30 MHz?
  2. E2E02 Which of the following synchronizes WSJT-X digital mode transmit/receive timing?
  3. E2E03 To what does the "4" in FT4 refer?
  4. E2E04 Which of the following is characteristic of the FST4 mode?
  5. E2E05 Which of these digital modes does not support keyboard-to-keyboard operation?
  6. E2E06 What is the length of an FT8 transmission cycle?
  7. E2E07 How does Q65 differ from JT65?
  8. E2E08 Which of the following HF digital modes can be used to transfer binary files?
  9. E2E09 Which of the following HF digital modes uses variable-length character coding?
  10. E2E10 Which of these digital modes has the narrowest bandwidth?
  11. E2E11 What is the difference between direct FSK and audio FSK?
  12. E2E12 How do ALE stations establish contact?
  13. E2E13 Which of these digital modes has the highest data throughput under clear communication conditions?
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