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G3B01

RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION · - Maximum Usable Frequency; Lowest Usable Frequency; short path and long path propagation; determining propagation conditions; ionospheric refraction

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What is a characteristic of skywave signals arriving at your location by both short-path and long-path propagation?

  1. APeriodic fading approximately every 10 seconds
  2. BSignal strength increased by 3 dB
  3. CThe signal might be cancelled causing severe attenuation
  4. DA slightly delayed echo might be heard
Why Radio waves travel about 300,000 km per second, so a trip around the world takes roughly 0.14 second. When the same signal reaches you both the short way and the long way around the Earth, the long-path copy arrives many tens of milliseconds later, which the ear hears as a hollow echo or ringing on the signal. This is a classic clue that you are hearing the station on both paths at once.
Watch out The ideas about cancellation or a 3 dB boost assume the two signals arrive in phase or out of phase, but the path difference is far too large for that kind of coherent addition at audio speeds; you get a time-delayed echo, not a fixed level change.
Long way round arrives late: the signature of short plus long path is an echo, about 0.14 s around the world.
HamSandwich explanation, first draft. The question and answers are the NCVEC text.
All of G3B G3B02 →

The rest of G3B

  1. G3B01 What is a characteristic of skywave signals arriving at your location by both short-path and long-path propag…
  2. G3B02 What factors affect the MUF?
  3. G3B03 Which frequency will have the least attenuation for long-distance skip propagation?
  4. G3B04 Which of the following is a way to determine current propagation on a desired band from your station?
  5. G3B05 How does the ionosphere affect radio waves with frequencies below the MUF and above the LUF?
  6. G3B06 What usually happens to radio waves with frequencies below the LUF?
  7. G3B07 What does LUF stand for?
  8. G3B08 What does MUF stand for?
  9. G3B09 What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth's surface normally covered in one hop using the F2 r…
  10. G3B10 What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth's surface normally covered in one hop using the E re…
  11. G3B11 What happens to HF propagation when the LUF exceeds the MUF?
  12. G3B12 Which of the following is typical of the lower HF frequencies during the summer?
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