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G3B07

RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION · - Maximum Usable Frequency; Lowest Usable Frequency; short path and long path propagation; determining propagation conditions; ionospheric refraction

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What does LUF stand for?

  1. AThe Lowest Usable Frequency for communications between two specific points
  2. BThe Lowest Usable Frequency for communications to any point outside a 100-mile radius
  3. CThe Lowest Usable Frequency during a 24-hour period
  4. DThe Lowest Usable Frequency during the past 60 minutes
Why LUF is the Lowest Usable Frequency, and like MUF it is defined for a specific path between two specific points at a given time. Below the LUF, absorption in the D layer (which increases as frequency decreases) attenuates the signal so much that it arrives too weak to be usable, even though the ionosphere would still refract it back. Usable HF operating frequencies for a path therefore lie in the window between the LUF and the MUF.
Watch out The choices tied to a 100-mile radius, a 24-hour period, or the past 60 minutes add conditions that are not part of the definition; LUF is path-specific and changes continuously with ionospheric conditions.
MUF and LUF are both point-to-point: work between them, too low gets absorbed, too high skips over.
HamSandwich explanation, first draft. The question and answers are the NCVEC text.
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The rest of G3B

  1. G3B01 What is a characteristic of skywave signals arriving at your location by both short-path and long-path propag…
  2. G3B02 What factors affect the MUF?
  3. G3B03 Which frequency will have the least attenuation for long-distance skip propagation?
  4. G3B04 Which of the following is a way to determine current propagation on a desired band from your station?
  5. G3B05 How does the ionosphere affect radio waves with frequencies below the MUF and above the LUF?
  6. G3B06 What usually happens to radio waves with frequencies below the LUF?
  7. G3B07 What does LUF stand for?
  8. G3B08 What does MUF stand for?
  9. G3B09 What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth's surface normally covered in one hop using the F2 r…
  10. G3B10 What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth's surface normally covered in one hop using the E re…
  11. G3B11 What happens to HF propagation when the LUF exceeds the MUF?
  12. G3B12 Which of the following is typical of the lower HF frequencies during the summer?
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