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G3B10

RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION · - Maximum Usable Frequency; Lowest Usable Frequency; short path and long path propagation; determining propagation conditions; ionospheric refraction

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What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth's surface normally covered in one hop using the E region?

  1. A180 miles
  2. B1,200 miles
  3. C2,500 miles
  4. D12,000 miles
Why The E region sits roughly 60 to 70 miles up, so the geometry of a signal refracted there and returned to Earth limits one hop to about 1,200 miles. The higher F2 region, at 150 to 300 miles altitude, gives a longer hop of about 2,500 miles because the reflection point is farther above the ground and the take-off geometry reaches farther over the horizon.
Watch out The 2,500 mile figure is the classic single-hop F2 distance, not E region; 12,000 miles would require multiple hops or long path.
E is low so the hop is short: E = 1,200 miles, F2 = 2,500 miles. Higher layer, longer hop.
HamSandwich explanation, first draft. The question and answers are the NCVEC text.
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The rest of G3B

  1. G3B01 What is a characteristic of skywave signals arriving at your location by both short-path and long-path propag…
  2. G3B02 What factors affect the MUF?
  3. G3B03 Which frequency will have the least attenuation for long-distance skip propagation?
  4. G3B04 Which of the following is a way to determine current propagation on a desired band from your station?
  5. G3B05 How does the ionosphere affect radio waves with frequencies below the MUF and above the LUF?
  6. G3B06 What usually happens to radio waves with frequencies below the LUF?
  7. G3B07 What does LUF stand for?
  8. G3B08 What does MUF stand for?
  9. G3B09 What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth's surface normally covered in one hop using the F2 r…
  10. G3B10 What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth's surface normally covered in one hop using the E re…
  11. G3B11 What happens to HF propagation when the LUF exceeds the MUF?
  12. G3B12 Which of the following is typical of the lower HF frequencies during the summer?
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