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G3B11

RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION · - Maximum Usable Frequency; Lowest Usable Frequency; short path and long path propagation; determining propagation conditions; ionospheric refraction

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What happens to HF propagation when the LUF exceeds the MUF?

  1. APropagation via ordinary skywave communications is not possible over that path
  2. BHF communications over the path are enhanced
  3. CDouble-hop propagation along the path is more common
  4. DPropagation over the path on all HF frequencies is enhanced
Why The MUF is the highest frequency the ionosphere will still refract back to earth on a given path, and the LUF is the lowest frequency that can get through D layer absorption with usable signal strength. Usable skywave frequencies lie in the window between them, LUF at the bottom and MUF at the top. If absorption rises (or ionization falls) until the LUF climbs above the MUF, that window closes and there is no frequency that both survives absorption and gets refracted back, so ordinary skywave contacts over that path fail.
Watch out The choices about enhanced propagation invert the idea: a wide spread between a low LUF and a high MUF is what makes conditions good, and nothing is enhanced when the two cross.
Usable band = LUF to MUF. When the floor rises above the ceiling, the window slams shut.
HamSandwich explanation, first draft. The question and answers are the NCVEC text.
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The rest of G3B

  1. G3B01 What is a characteristic of skywave signals arriving at your location by both short-path and long-path propag…
  2. G3B02 What factors affect the MUF?
  3. G3B03 Which frequency will have the least attenuation for long-distance skip propagation?
  4. G3B04 Which of the following is a way to determine current propagation on a desired band from your station?
  5. G3B05 How does the ionosphere affect radio waves with frequencies below the MUF and above the LUF?
  6. G3B06 What usually happens to radio waves with frequencies below the LUF?
  7. G3B07 What does LUF stand for?
  8. G3B08 What does MUF stand for?
  9. G3B09 What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth's surface normally covered in one hop using the F2 r…
  10. G3B10 What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth's surface normally covered in one hop using the E re…
  11. G3B11 What happens to HF propagation when the LUF exceeds the MUF?
  12. G3B12 Which of the following is typical of the lower HF frequencies during the summer?
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